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1.
Salud ment ; 44(1): 3-10, Jan.-Feb. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1290048

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Since little is known about the factors associated with suicidal ideation in adolescents, identifying them is important for developing suitable preventive strategies. Objective To analyze the variables associated with the presence of suicidal ideation, as well as the predictive power of depressive symptoms and negative automatic thoughts. Method A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 409 students between the ages of 15 and 19 randomly selected in a public school in the State of Mexico. An ad hoc questionnaire that gathered information on sociodemographic and psychological variables and substance use, the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies (CESD-R), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30), and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) were administered. Results From the total of the sample, 14.9% presented suicidal ideation. A positive, significant association was observed between the latter and gender, having divorced parents, professing Catholicism, using tobacco and drugs, and having experienced violence and anguish in the last semester, presenting depressive symptoms, negative automatic thoughts and having attempted suicide. Being a woman (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), using drugs (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), having probable depression (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), experiencing negative thoughts (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]), and having attempted suicide (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) predicted the appearance of suicidal ideas. Discussion and conclusion Risk factors for suicidal ideation in adolescents have been identified and they must be taken into account in preventive programs.


Resumen Introducción Se sabe poco de los factores que se asocian a la ideación suicida en adolescentes e identificarlos es importante para desarrollar estrategias preventivas adecuadas. Objetivo Analizar las variables que se asocian a la presencia de ideación suicida y conocer el poder predictivo de los síntomas depresivos y los pensamientos automáticos negativos. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal prospectivo con 409 estudiantes de entre 15 y 19 años seleccionados aleatoriamente en una escuela pública del Estado de México. Se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc que recogía información sobre variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y consumo de sustancias. Para ello se usaron la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-R), el Cuestionario de Pensamientos Automáticos (ATQ-30) y la Escala de Ideación Suicida de Beck (ISB). Resultados Un 14.9% de la muestra presentaba ideación suicida. Se observó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la misma y el sexo, tener padres divorciados, profesar la religión católica, consumir tabaco y drogas, así como haber sufrido violencia y angustia en el último semestre, haber presentado síntomas depresivos, pensamientos automáticos negativos e intentos de suicidio. Ser mujer (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), consumir drogas (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), presentar probable depresión (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), tener pensamientos negativos (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]) y haber intentado suicidarse (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) predicen la aparición de ideas suicidas. Discusión y conclusión En adolescentes se han identificado factores de riesgo para presentar ideación suicida, los cuales deben tenerse en cuenta en los programas preventivos.

2.
Rev. mex. trastor. aliment ; 10(4): 397-405, jul.-dic. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377032

ABSTRACT

Resumen Actualmente el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan una alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y se encuentran relacionados con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, mortalidad prematura y disminución en la calidad de vida. El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en función del estado de nutrición (EN) y sexo. Participaron 202 adultos (84 hombres y 118 mujeres), con una edad entre 18 y 81 años (M =39.74 DE = 13.77), quienes fueron distribuidos por su EN en: normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad. Los participantes completaron el cuestionario 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). En la muestra predominó la dimensión Función física (FF), considerándola muy buena. Las dimensiones Rol emocional (RE), Rol físico (RF), Vitalidad (VT) y Salud mental (SM) se ubicaron en el nivel de bueno, y solamente la Salud general (SG) se consideró regular. En el caso de la comparación entre los grupos en función del EN no se encontraron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, en la comparación por sexo, los hombres obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en: FF, SM, VT y RE. Se concluye que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa de la CVRS entre los grupos por EN, no obstante, al realizar la comparación por sexo se encuentran diferencias significativas a favor de los hombres.


Abstract Overweight and obesity currently have a high prevalence worldwide, are related to chronic degenerative diseases, premature mortality and the decline in quality of life. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the quality of life related to health (HRQoL) between groups by their nutritional status (NS) and by sex. There was a sample of 202 participants (84 men and 118 women) with an age between 18 and 81 years (M =39.74 SD = 13.77), distributed by their NS in: normal weight, overweight and obesity, they were administered the questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). In the general sample, the Physical Function (PF) dimension was predominant, being considered as very good, the scores obtained in the Emotional Role (ER), Physical Role (PR), Vitality (VT) and Mental Health (MH) dimensions were in a range estimated as good and only the General Health (GH) dimension was considered regular. In the case of the comparison between the groups by state of nutrition, no statistically significant differences were found between them, however, in the comparison made by sex, statistically significant differences were found in the factors of PF, MH, VT and ER in favor of the group of men. In conclusion, there is not statistically significant difference of the HRQoL between the groups by NS, nevertheless, when performing the comparison by sex, significant differences are found in favor of the men.

3.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 70(3): 164-173, sept. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1150984

ABSTRACT

La obesidad es un problema de salud pública. La comprensión de factores tanto emocionales como dietéticos relacionados a su desarrollo es fundamentales para abordar este problema. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar por sexo y edad la relación de la grasa corporal con la alimentación emocional (AE) y la calidad de la dieta (CD) en población universitaria. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 367 estudiantes universitarios de medicina (65 % mujeres). El porcentaje de grasa se midió a través de bioimpedancia eléctrica. La alimentación emocional (AE) (emoción, familia, indiferencia, cultura y efecto del alimento) se obtuvo de la escala de AE y la calidad de la dieta (CD)a partir de índice de calidad de la dieta mexicana (ICMX) (suficiente, balanceada, completa, variada e inocua), mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Para identificar qué variables independientes explican el porcentaje de grasa corporal se utilizó la regresión lineal múltiple. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos, los hombres presentaron valores superiores a las mujeres en edad, peso, altura e IMC (kg/m2), mientras que las mujeres presentaron un mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal respecto a los hombres. La cultura (p=,001) y efecto del alimento (p=,006), factores de la AE, predijeron menor porcentaje de grasa corporal en hombres mayores de 20 años. Resulta necesario implementar programas de salud, que vayan encaminados a un consumo saludable de alimentos mediante actividades recreativas y con el acompañamiento de profesionales de la salud durante la universidad(AU)


Obesity is a public health problem. Understanding both emotional and dietary factors related to its development are essential to address this problem. The objective of this study was to analyze by sex and age the relationship of body fat with emotional eating (EE) and diet quality (DQ) in university population. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 367 university medical students participated (65% women). Body fat percentage was measured through electrical bioimpedance. Emotional eating (EE) (emotion, family, indifference, culture and effect of food) was obtained from the EE scale and diet quality (DQ) from the Mexican Diet Quality Index (MDQI) (sufficient, balanced, complete, varied and innocuous), using a semi-quantitative food consumption frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to identify which independent variables explain body fat percentage. Statistically significant differences were found between sexes, men had higher values than women in age, weight, height, and BMI (kg/m2), while women had a higher body fat percentage compared to men. Culture (p = .001) and effect of food (p = .006), factors of EE, predicted lower body fat percentage in men older than 20 years. It is necessary to implement health programs that are aimed at a healthy consumption of food through recreational activities and with the accompaniment of health professionals during university(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Food Quality , Body Mass Index , Affective Symptoms , Overweight , Body Fat Distribution , Feeding Behavior , Obesity/physiopathology , Universities , Cardiovascular Diseases , Public Health , Student Health
4.
Salud ment ; 42(6): 261-268, Nov.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1099309

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Adolescents can present high levels of stress when faced with various biopsychosocial changes, affecting their daily activities and influencing the initiation and development of risk behaviours and/or a mental disorder. Therefore, it is important to identify protective factors against stress, such as emotional intelligence, for adolescents. Objective Determine the effect of stressful life events (SLE) and perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) on the stress level in adolescent high school students and identify differences by sex. Method Cross-sectional study, 1 417 adolescents (57% women and 43% men), with an average age of 15.90 (SD = .91), who were evaluated in levels of PEI, SLE, and stress perceived. Results The results show high rates of stressful events experienced. Attention to emotions increases the perception of stress in both sexes, while clarity and emotional repair have a stress-reducing effect on women. Discussion and conclusions The results suggest that the PEI is determinant in the emotional self-control and the adaptive capacity of the adolescent to face stressful situations.


Resumen Introducción Los adolescentes pueden presentar altos niveles de estrés cuando se enfrentan a diversos cambios biopsicosociales, que afectan sus actividades diarias e influyen en el inicio y el desarrollo de conductas de riesgo y/o trastornos mentales. Por lo tanto, es importante identificar en los adolescentes los factores de protección contra el estrés, como el caso de la inteligencia emocional. Objetivo Determinar el efecto de los sucesos vitales estresantes (SVE) y de la inteligencia emocional percibida (IEP) sobre el nivel de estrés en los adolescentes estudiantes de bachillerato e identificar las diferencias por sexo. Método Estudio transversal, con una muestra de 1 417 adolescentes (57% mujeres y 43% hombres), con una edad media de 15.90 (SD = .91), a los que se evaluó en niveles de IEP, los SVE y el estrés percibido de dichos SVE experimentados. Resultados Los resultados muestran altos índices de eventos estresantes experimentados. La atención a las emociones incrementa la percepción de estrés en ambos sexos, mientras que la claridad y la reparación emocional tienen un efecto amortiguador del estrés en mujeres. Discusión y conclusión Estos resultados sugieren que la IEP resulta determinante en el autocontrol emocional y la capacidad adaptativa del adolescente para afrontar situaciones estresantes.

5.
Interdisciplinaria ; 35(1): 205-216, jul. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-984540

ABSTRACT

La adolescencia está caracterizada por cambios tanto físicos como psicológicos y tiene como resultado la identidad y la madurez requeridas para la edad adulta. Los adolescentes inician una etapa de situaciones a las cuales deben dar respuesta, siendo el contexto escolar solo uno de los escenarios en los cuales ellos manifiestan su forma de afrontar las problemáticas o situaciones cotidianas. El afrontamiento ha sido estudiado por diversos autores. Esta investigación está sustentada en la propuesta de Frydenberg y Lewis (1993) que postula al afrontamiento como un proceso cognitivo y afectivo que permite a la persona responder de manera particular a un estímulo y esta respuesta a su vez le permite la adaptación social de acuerdo a su contexto. El objetivo del estudio realizado fue comparar los estilos y las estrategias de afrontamiento adolescente de acuerdo al sexo. Se trabajó con una muestra de estudiantes del nivel medio superior de una escuela pública del Estado de México (México). El rango de edad fue de 15-16 años con un promedio de 15.28 +- .48, siendo 268 hombres y 367 mujeres. Se aplicó la Escala de Afrontamiento para Adolescentes de Frydenberg y Lewis (1993). Los resultados presentan diferencias significativas en los estilos con respecto al sexo, ya que en los hombres es el estilo que presenta las medias más altas, y un puntaje de 70 a 89 indica que éste se emplea a menudo. También se encontraron diferencias en algunas de las estrategias de afrontamiento. Lo anterior permitió concluir que en los adolescentes la manera de afrontar sus problemas está relacionada con sus vivencias pasadas y el afrontamiento es una manera de autorregulación, corroborando así las diferencias del uso de afrontamiento entre hombres y mujeres adolescentes.


Adolescence is the stage that is characterized by both physical and psychological changes that will result in the identity and maturity required for adulthood. The adolescents begin a stage of situations to which to respond, being the school context only one of the scenarios in which they manifest their way of facing the problems or everyday situations. In this,as in all contexts, adolescents need to have personal resources that allow them to cope with problems and reduce stress. Coping has been studied from several authors, so this research is based on the proposal of Frydenberg and Lewis (1993) which postulate coping as a cognitive and affective process that allows the person to respond in a particular way to a stimulus and this answer in turn will allow you or not the social adaptation according to its context. It has been pointed out that while coping is dynamic, not all forms of coping can be the best, everything will depend on the moment and what is faced. However, the more unproductive the ways of coping, the mental health of the adolescent and of every individual will be negatively affected. The coping for Frydenberg and Lewis (1993) is divided in three same styles that derive in 18 strategies. Coping is considered with reference to the problem as the type of coping that allows to give solution and to diminish the tension. With respect to coping with others this will allow the search for support in others that allow to decrease the tension and with that to pretend the problem. And finally the non-productive coping that refers to only reducing tension but not solving the problem and even leads to self-incrimination. The objective of the study was to compare styles and strategies of adolescent coping according to sex. For this purpose we worked with a sample of students of the upper middle level of public school of the State of Mexico, Mexico. The age range was 15-16 years with an average of 15.28 +- .48, with 268 men and 367 women. The Frydenberg and Lewis Teen Coping Scale (1993) was applied. The results showed significant differences in problem solving and non-productive styles. While the reference style to others did not differ in sex, differences were found in some coping strategies, noting that women employed more non-productive strategies than men, and it was corroborated that men tended to To employ more strategies that correspond to the problem-solving style, as is the case of physical distraction and relaxing amusements that has been a factor reported in several studies. This allowed us to conclude that in adolescents the way to face their problems is related to their past experiences and coping is a way of self-regulation. Corroborating the differences in the use of coping among adolescent men and women. In addition to allowing new lines of research to be proposed that favorably impact not only on the school context of the student but in all its surroundings. Considering that if the confrontation is not unique and static, but that this is going to be exercised according to the situation and the previous experiences, one would have to contemplate the relation with the mental health. Pointing to this last aspect, since the theoretical contributions point out that when it is not adequately addressed, it puts at risk mental health and reflects the lack of psychological resources to handle life. It would be necessary to investigate more about the social demands of gender role, since when differences are found between men and women, this becomes a factor worthy of being studied, but no longer as being a man or a woman but about the behaviors allowed according to the role of socially assigned gender.

6.
Psico (Porto Alegre) ; 48(4): 250-255, 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-968058

ABSTRACT

Los trastornos mentales son considerados como un problema de salud pública, debido a su alta prevalencia. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue obtener la Razón de Prevalencia (RP) de los problemas emocionales y conductuales de acuerdo al sexo en 653 adolescentes mexicanos con un rango de edad de 15 a 18 años, a través de la Escala de Problemas Emocionales y Conductuales validada por Andrade, Betancourt y Vallejo (2010). Los resultados obtenidos reportan que las mujeres tienen el 54% más riesgo de presentar problemas internalizados y externalizados en comparación con los hombres. Finalmente se enfatiza la necesidad de considerar las diferencias de cada sexo al evaluar los problemas emocionales y conductuales, así como en el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a la promoción de su salud.


Os transtornos mentais são considerados como um problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta prevalência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma comparação por sexo da presença de problemas emocionais e comportamentais em 653 adolescentes mexicanos com uma faixa etária de 15 a 18 anos, através da Escala de Problemas Emocionais e Comportamentais, validada por Andrade, Betancourt e Vallejo (2010). Os resultados revelaram que as mulheres são 54% mais risco de internalização e externalização de problemas em relação aos homens. Finalmente, é enfatizada a necessidade de considerar as diferenças de cada sexo na avaliação de problemas emocionais e comportamentais, bem como no desenvolvimento de estratégias voltadas para a promoção de sua saúde.


Today, mental disorders are considered as a public health problem due to its high prevalence. Therefore the aim of this research was to make a comparison by gender of the presence of emotional and behavioral problems in 653 Mexican adolescents with an age range of 15 to 18 years, through the Problem Scale Emotions and Behavioral validated by Andrade, Betancourt and Vallejo (2010). The results show that women have a 54% higher risk of internalized and outsourced problems compared to men. Finally, the need to consider the differences of each sex in evaluating emotional and behavioral problems, as well as in the development of strategies aimed at promoting their health, is emphasized.


Subject(s)
Psychology, Adolescent , Behavior , Mental Health
7.
Actual. psicol. (Impr.) ; 30(121)dic. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1505572

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos y niveles de mindfulness en adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de bachillerato. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 930 estudiantes de bachillerato entre 15 y 19 años de edad. Se aplicaron los instrumentos CESD (síntomas de depresión) y MAAS (mindfulness) y se encontró un 17.3% de prevalencia de síntomas depresivos. Además, el 55.2% de los participantes presentaron niveles bajos de mindfulness; los adolescentes con síntomas depresivos presentaron mayores niveles de mindfulness. La asociación entre síntomas de depresión y mindfulness fue negativa (r = -0.53; <.001). Conclusión: Impulsar el estudio sobre el rasgo de atención plena o mindfulness como un factor psicológico positivo porque se demuestra su efecto reductor en síntomas de depresión.


The objective of this research was to identify the relation between depressive symptoms and mindfulness levels in mexican adolescents high school students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 930 baccalaureate students between 15 and 19 years old was performed. The instruments, CESD (depressive symptoms) and MAAS (mindfulness) were applied, finding a 17.3% prevalence of depressive symptoms, furthermore, 55.2% of participants had low levels of mindfulness, and also adolescents with depressive symptoms have higher levels of mindfulness. The relation between depression symptoms and mindfulness was negative (r = -0.53; <.001). Conclusion: Study the feature of full awareness or mindfulness as a positive psychological factor because it's reducing effect is demonstrated in psychological symptoms such as depression.

8.
Rev. mex. trastor. aliment ; 5(2): 98-106, jul.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-746984

ABSTRACT

El objetivo fue determinar la relación que existe entre la insatisfacción corporal e ideación suicida. La muestra se conformó por 1504 adolescentes, con un rango de edad de 12 a 18 años, estudiantes de secundaria o preparatoria, todas habitantes del Estado de México. Las participantes contestaron el cuestionario sobre la figura corporal y la escala de ideación suicida de Beck; ambos instrumentos cuentan con validez y confiabilidad para la población mexicana. Los resultados permitieron observar el alto porcentaje de insatisfacción corporal (22%), ideación suicida (42%) y de la presencia de ambas (13%). Además de correlaciones bajas y positivas, tanto para la muestra general como para los grupos de presencia y/o ausencia de insatisfacción e ideación suicida. Con respecto a las correlaciones entre factores: el malestar corporal patológico se relacionó con los factores de ideación suicida Además, se establecieron diferencias entre grupos de presencia y/o ausencia. Resaltando que el factor patológico y el factor de vida/muerte fueron los que obtuvieron los estadísticos mayores en todos los grupos. Por ello pensar en una reeducación tanto de la imagen corporal, como de la vida, podrá permitir a los adolescentes reconocerse y aceptarse sin tener que cubrir estereotipos extremos de delgadez.


The objective was to determine the relationship between body dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation. The sample consisted of 1504 adolescents with an age range of 12-18 years old, middle or high school students, all residents of Mexico State. The participants answered the BSQ and Beck's Suicidal Ideation Scale; both instruments have validity and reliability for the Mexican population. The results allowed us to observe the highest percentage of body dissatisfaction (22%), suicidal ideation (42%) as well as the presence of both (13%). In addition low and positive correlations for both the overall sample and even for the groups of presence and/or absence of dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation. With respect to the correlation between factors pathological bodily discomfort was related to the suicidal ideation factor, also, differences between the presence and/or absence groups were established. Highlighting that the pathological factor and the life/death factor were those who obtained the higher statistical values in all groups. Therefore think about a reeducation of both body image, as well as life, adolescents can be able to recognize and accept themselves without having to cover extreme thinness stereotypes.

9.
Salud ment ; 36(6): 493-503, nov.-dic. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-703515

ABSTRACT

Actualmente la violencia en diferentes ámbitos y contextos afecta de manera preocupante a México. Las experiencias traumáticas, comunes en algunas comunidades, pueden llegar a configurar problemas graves de salud mental en los individuos, entre ellos se cuenta el Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT). El tener a la mano escalas que midan tanto los eventos susceptibles de ser traumáticos como la sintomatología postraumática, permitiría una evaluación rápida antes del diagnóstico formal y su utilización, principalmente en estudios epidemiológicos que permitan detectar el impacto de dichos sucesos en las personas y las comunidades. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en la construcción de una escala de sucesos y síntomas asociados al TEPT en población mexicana universitaria, con el fin de obtener su confiabilidad y validez. Participaron 858 estudiantes de cuatro universidades públicas de Tejupilco, Estado de México. La muestra fue de 669 jóvenes de ambos sexos con edades de 18 a 25 años, quienes contestaron la escala en su totalidad. El índice de confiabilidad se obtuvo con una alfa de Cronbach y la validez de constructo mediante el análisis factorial. El suceso más frecuentemente encontrado fue la experiencia de muerte repentina de algún familiar y/o amigo cercano. La escala, como instrumento de tamizaje, obtuvo índices convenientes para ser aplicada en poblaciones similares. La consistencia interna resultó con una α=.95 y el análisis factorial arrojó cinco factores con una varianza total de 45.15%. Su diseño permite asociar los síntomas del último año a un suceso de vida específico, valorado por el mismo sujeto, como susceptible a ser traumático. Así, se detectó vulnerabilidad en la población juvenil estudiantil a padecer el TEPT o algún otro tipo de trastorno psiquiátrico derivado de los sucesos vividos. La identificación precoz podría sugerir la creación de servicios generales y especializados en salud mental, acompañados de acciones que reconozcan el valor de la Universidad como uno de los principales espacios sociales para jóvenes.


Nowadays violence in different aspects and contexts affects Mexico in a worrying manner. Common traumatic experiences in some communities might configure grave mental health problems in the individuals, among them posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Having scales that measure events susceptible to become traumatic as well as posttrau-matic symptomatology would allow a fast assessment before formal diagnosis, to be mainly used in epidemiological studies that enable detecting the impact of these occurrences in vulnerable people and communities. The objective of the present study was to build a scale of events and symptoms associated to PTSD in a Mexican university population, in views to obtaining its reliability and validity. A total of 858 students from four public universities of Tejupilco, State of Mexico, Mexico, took part; they were between 18 and 25 years of age, and answered the scale in its entirety. The reliability index was obtained by means of Cronbach's alpha and the validity of the construct with factorial analysis. The most frequent event was the experience of sudden death of some relative and/or a close friend. The scale as a screening instrument obtained internal consistency indexes of α=0.95 and the factorial analysis yielded five factors with a total variance of 45.15%. Its design allows associating the symptoms of the previous year to a specific life event, valued by the same subject as susceptible to become traumatic, which permits its utilization on similar populations. The vulnerability of the young student population to suffer PTSD or any other sort of psychiatric disorder from experienced events was verified. Early detection could suggest general and specialized mental health services, accompanied by actions that recognize the value of university as one of the main social spaces for youths.

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